TEACHING METHOD.
INTRODUCTION:
A teaching method comprises the principles and methods used for instruction.
Commonly used teaching methods may include class participation,
demonstration, recitation, memorization, or combinations of these. The
choice of teaching method or methods to be used depends largely on the
information or skill that is being taught, and it may also be influenced
by the aptitude and enthusiasm of the students.
Demonstrations are similar to written storytelling and examples in that they allow students to personally relate to the presented information. Memorization of a list of facts is a detached and impersonal experience, whereas the same information, conveyed through demonstration, becomes personally relatable. Demonstrations help to raise student interest and reinforce memory retention because they provide connections between facts and real-world applications of those facts. Lectures, on the other hand, are often geared more towards factual presentation than connective learning.
Collaborative discussions can take a variety of forms, such as fishbowl discussions. After some preparation and with clearly defined roles, a discussion may constitute most of a lesson, with the teacher only giving short feedback at the end or in the following lesson.
In his literary work The Republic, Plato described a system of instruction that he felt would lead to an ideal state. In his dialogues, Plato described the Socratic method, a form of inquiry and debate intended to stimulate critical thinking and illuminate ideas.
It has been the intent of many educators since, such as the Roman educator Quintilian, to find specific, interesting ways to encourage students to use their intelligence and to help them to learn.
Much later, Jean-Jacques Rousseau in his Emile, presented methodology to teach children the elements of science and other subjects. During Napoleonic warfare, the teaching methodology of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi of Switzerland enabled refugee children, of a class believed to be unteachable[by whom?], to learn. He described this in his account of an educational experiment at Stanz.[citation needed] He felt the key to have children learn is for them to be loved.[citation needed]
Contents
Methods of instruction
Explaining
Main article: Lecture
Explaining, or lecturing, is the process of teaching by giving spoken
explanations of the subject that is to be learned. Lecturing is often
accompanied by visual aids to help students visualize an object or
problem. Explaining may meet the needs of auditory or visual learning preferences[clarify] but often fails to meet the needs of individuals with other learning preferences[clarify], such as kinesthetic or social learners[clarify].[citation needed]Demonstrating
Main article: Demonstration (teaching)
Demonstrating is the process of teaching through examples or
experiments. For example, a science teacher may teach an idea by
performing an experiment for students. A demonstration may be used to
prove a fact through a combination of visual evidence and associated
reasoning.Demonstrations are similar to written storytelling and examples in that they allow students to personally relate to the presented information. Memorization of a list of facts is a detached and impersonal experience, whereas the same information, conveyed through demonstration, becomes personally relatable. Demonstrations help to raise student interest and reinforce memory retention because they provide connections between facts and real-world applications of those facts. Lectures, on the other hand, are often geared more towards factual presentation than connective learning.
Collaborating
Main article: Collaboration
Collaboration allows students to actively participate in the learning
process by talking with each other and listening to other points of
view. Collaboration establishes a personal connection between students
and the topic of study and it helps students think in a less personally
biased way. Group projects and discussions are examples of this teaching
method. Teachers may employ collaboration to assess student's abilities
to work as a team, leadership skills, or presentation abilities.[1]Collaborative discussions can take a variety of forms, such as fishbowl discussions. After some preparation and with clearly defined roles, a discussion may constitute most of a lesson, with the teacher only giving short feedback at the end or in the following lesson.
Learning by teaching
Main article: Learning by teaching
In this teaching method, students assume the role of teacher and
teach their peers. Students who teach others as a group or as
individuals must study and understand a topic well enough to teach it to
their peers. By having students participate in the teaching process,
they gain self-confidence and strengthen their speaking and
communication skills.Evolution of teaching methods
Ancient education
About 3000 BC, with the advent of writing, education became more conscious or self-reflecting, with specialized occupations such as scribe and astronomer requiring particular skills and knowledge. Philosophy in ancient Greece led to questions of educational method entering national discourse.In his literary work The Republic, Plato described a system of instruction that he felt would lead to an ideal state. In his dialogues, Plato described the Socratic method, a form of inquiry and debate intended to stimulate critical thinking and illuminate ideas.
It has been the intent of many educators since, such as the Roman educator Quintilian, to find specific, interesting ways to encourage students to use their intelligence and to help them to learn.
Medieval education
Comenius, in Bohemia, wanted all children to learn. In his The World in Pictures, he created an illustrated textbook of things children would be familiar with in everyday life and used it to teach children. Rabelais described how the student Gargantua learned about the world, and what is in it.Much later, Jean-Jacques Rousseau in his Emile, presented methodology to teach children the elements of science and other subjects. During Napoleonic warfare, the teaching methodology of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi of Switzerland enabled refugee children, of a class believed to be unteachable[by whom?], to learn. He described this in his account of an educational experiment at Stanz.[citation needed] He felt the key to have children learn is for them to be loved.[citation needed]
19th century - compulsory education
Main article: Prussian education system
The Prussian education system was a system of mandatory education dating to the early 19th century. Parts of the Prussian education system have served as models for the education systems in a number of other countries, including Japan and the United States. The Prussian model required classroom management skills to be incorporated into the teaching process.[2]20th century
Newer teaching methods may incorporate television, radio, computer, and other modern devices. Some educators[who?] believe that the use of technology, while facilitating learning to some degree, is not a substitute for educational methods that encourage critical thinking and a desire to learn. Inquiry learning is another modern teaching method.See also
- Educational psychology
- Educational philosophy
- Example Choice
- Lesson plan
- Teacher
- Case method
- Business game
- Experiential learning
- Learning
- Effective schools
References
- "What Is the Collaborative Classroom?". Retrieved 14 December 2012.
- Gatto, John Taylor. A Different Kind of Teacher: Solving the Crisis of American Schooling. Berkeley Hills Books. ISBN 1-893163-21-0.
Further reading
- Paul Monroe, A Text-Book in the History of Education, Macmillan, 1915.
- Gilbert Highet, The Art of Teaching, Knopf, 1950.
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