JAPHET MASATU BLOG

Sunday, 18 January 2015

OCP 100 : INTRODUCTION TO MICROCOMPUTER STUDIES AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY I---QUESTIONS & ANSWERS.

QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS—INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER Prepared by Mwl. Japhet Masatu.

Q. Distinguish between the following :--

{1}. Primary and Secondary memories.

--- Primary storage, also known as main storage or memory, is the area in a computer in which data is stored for quick access by the computer's processor. The terms random access memory (RAM) and memory are often as synonyms for primary or main storage.

Primary memory is also known as primary storage or main memory.

----Secondary memory refers to storage devices, such as hard drives and solid state drives. It may also refer to removable storage media, such as USB flash drives, CDs, and DVDs.

{2}. Binary and Decimal Numbers

In mathematics and digital electronics, a binary number is a number expressed in the binary numeral system, or base-2 numeral system, which represents numeric values using two different symbols: typically 0 (zero) and 1 (one).

binary number system

A method of representing numbers that has 2 as its base and uses only the digits 0 and 1. Each successive digit represents a power of 2. For example, 10011 represents (1 × 2⁴) + (0 × 2³) + (0 × 2²) + (1 × 2¹) + (1 × 2⁰), or 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1, or 19.

Decimal is a term that describes the base-10 number system, probably the most commonly used number system. The decimal number system consists of ten single- digit numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. The number after 9 is 10. The number after 19 is 20 and so forth. Additional powers of 10 require the addition of another positional digit.

Decimal Number System

The number system that we use in our day-to-day life is the decimal number system. Decimal number system has base 10 as it uses 10 digits from 0 to 9. In decimal number system, the successive positions to the left of the decimal point represent units, tens, hundreds, thousands and so on.

Each position represents a specific power of the base (10). For example, the decimal number 1234 consists of the digit 4 in the units position, 3 in the tens position, 2 in the hundreds position, and 1 in the thousands position, and its value can be written as

(1x1000)+ (2x100)+ (3x10)+ (4xl)

(1x10³)+ (2x10²)+ (3x10¹)+ (4xl0⁰)

1000 + 200 + 30 + 4

1234

{3}.Hardware and Software

--Computer software, on the other hand, is not something you can touch. Software is a set of instructions for a computer to perform specific operations. You need both hardware and software for a computer system to work. Some hardware components are easy to recognize, such as the computer case, keyboard, and monitor.

---Computer hardware is any physical device used in or with your machine, whereas software is a collection of code installed onto your computer's hard drive; it is intangible. For example, the computer monitor you are using to read this text and the mouse you are using to navigate this web page is computer hardware. The Internet browser that allowed you to visit this page and the operating system that the browser is running on is considered software.

{4}. Desktop and Control Panel

A desktop computer is a personal computer that is designed to fit conveniently on top of a typical office desk.

-----A desktop computer is a personal computer in a form intended for regular use at a single location desk/table due to its size and power requirements, as opposed to a laptop whose rechargeable battery and compact dimensions allow it to be regularly carried and used in different locations

-----The desktop is the main screen area that you see after you turn on your computer and log on to Windows. Like the top of an actual desk, it serves as a surface for your work. When you open programs or folders, they appear on the desktop. You can also put things on the desktop, such as files and folders, and arrange them however you want.

----The control panel, in the context of Windows, is a software module used to perform administrative and management operating system tasks and/or provide access to specific software features.

The control panel is used to configure and manage almost all aspects of Windows, including keyboard and mouse functionality, users and passwords, power options, network settings, desktop background, display settings, sound settings, mouse settings, hardware and software options, installation and removal of programs, parental control, speech recognition, etc.

Sunday, 11 January 2015

101 Ways To Market Your Language Program by Sarah Elaine Eaton.

Learning To Be by Sarah Elaine Eaton.

OEA 301 : FOUNDATIONS OF ADULT AND COMMUNITY EDUCATION.

Q.What is Community education ? With examples identify and discuss three adult and community education programmes that are found in Tanzania.

ANSWER:

Community education, also known as Community-based education or Community learning & development refers to an organization's programs to promote learning and social development work with individuals and groups in their communities using a range of formal and informal methods.

Community Education is a philosophical concept that promotes lifelong learning and community building activities while emphasizing an expanded role for public education and other human service organizations in meeting the needs of communities and improving the quality of life for all. Community Education is a way for people to enhance their lives and communities through learning and collaboration. Community Education emphasizes increased involvement of parents, businesses, and community members with the local public school system and lifelong learning while providing opportunities for local community members, schools, and other organizations to become partners in addressing educational and community concerns.

Community Education Services/Programs:

Afterschool Programs
Before and afterschool programs provide a safe, enriched, academically enhanced, and recreational extension to the regular school day during non-school hours (before or after school) or periods when school is not in session. Afterschool programs keep kids safe, help working families, and inspire students to learn. For more information, please click on the Afterschool Programs button on the left side of the page.
Service-Learning Programs
Service-Learning is a teaching method that combines classroom studies with community service in a way that improves student academic grades and increases school attendance and helps students develop personal and social responsibility while at the same time improving their community. Service-Learning programs benefit students during the regular school day and also as part of an Afterschool program. For more information, please click on the Service-Learning button on the left side of the page.
Continuing Education
Community Education Programs can address the types of services, programs or activities that meet the interests, needs, and wants of the traditional and non-traditional learner. Community Education is a flexible and adaptive approach to serving educational needs and providing needed services and programs for community members. Credit and non-credit programs meet the need for both student and industry. Activities can include educational, career educational, recreational, cultural, enrichment and/or other services for all community members. Collaborative educational offerings ensure all community needs can be met.
Intergenerational Activities
Intergenerational activities are a great way to use the expertise and support of senior citizens for the benefit of public education. Seniors have knowledge and are willing to serve public education to meet the needs of students, educators and the community.
Parent Involvement
Parents need to be involved in the K-12 education of their children. Together, parents and teachers can positively influence young people in attitude, behavior and academic achievement while improving schools. Community Education can provide many activities to bring parents into the school.
School/Business Partnership
Partnerships between schools and businesses, civic organizations, and community organizations collaborate for many different goals for public education and the community. Partnerships enrich education, open students' eyes to unlimited possibilities, and keep businesses and organizations in touch with young people.
Volunteerism
Schools benefit by the involvement of parents, community members, businesses, organizations, senior citizens, students or other individuals who give their time and expertise to support public education or services provided by public education in grades K-12. These volunteers are a great resource for schools in assisting them to meet the academic and attendance standards they have set.

ADULT COMMUNITY EDUCATION PROGRAMMES

-----Workers Education Programs.

-----Open & Distance learning Programs {ODL }.

----Vocational education.

---Literacy Clasess.

OEA 301 : FOUNDATIONS OF ADULT AND COMMUNITY EDUCATION.

Q. What do you understand by non—formal education ? Discuss the features that characterize non—formal learning as opposed to formal learning.

ANSWER

Formal vs. Informal Education/Non formal education

Formal education is classroom-based, provided by trained teachers. Informal education happens outside the classroom, in after-school programs, community-based organizations, museums, libraries, or at home.

What are the main differences between the two?

In general, classrooms have the same kids and the same teachers every day. After-school programs are often drop-in, so attendance is inconsistent, as is leadership.
Classroom activities can last several days. After-school programs need to complete an activity each day because a different group of kids could be in attendance tomorrow.
You can assume that classroom-based teachers have a certain level of training in educational philosophy, effective teaching strategies, classroom management, and content. After-school providers, by contrast, vary in experience and knowledge of teaching techniques, content expertise, and group management. Typically, materials for after-school settings need to include a lot more structure.
Teachers need to meet educational standards and stick to a specified curriculum, which can make it difficult for them to incorporate nontraditional content. After-school programs, on the other hand, can be more flexible with their content.

Both formal and informal education settings offer different strengths to your educational outreach project. If your project fits in the classroom, it can have a very long life; teachers will use trusted resources for years. After-school programs offer a different kind of environment, where your activities don't need to be as formal and where you can reach a different audience.

While both schools and after-school programs serve students, many kids who feel disenfranchised at school blossom in after-school settings. Real learning can happen in a setting where kids feel less intimidated or more comfortable than they do in a formal classroom. The ultimate goal is that their success in an informal setting can lead to greater confidence in the formal classroom.

An additional benefit of developing materials for informal educational settings is that they may be useful to parents at home with their kids, or to adult learners who are looking to expand their knowledge, either for their own enrichment or to increase their career options.

Formal education: the hierarchically structured, chronologically graded ‘education system’, running from primary school through the university and including, in addition to general academic studies, a variety of specialised programmes and institutions for full-time technical and professional training.
Informal education: the truly lifelong process whereby every individual acquires attitudes, values, skills and knowledge from daily experience and the educative influences and resources in his or her environment – from family and neighbours, from work and play, from the market place, the library and the mass media.
Non-formal education: any organised educational activity outside the established formal system – whether operating separately or as an important feature of some broader activity – that is intended to serve identifiable learning clienteles and learning objectives.

Fordham (1993) suggests that in the 1970s, four characteristics came be associated with non-formal education:

Relevance to the needs of disadvantaged groups.
Concern with specific categories of person.
A focus on clearly defined purposes.
Flexibility in organization and methods.

Contrasts between ‘formal’ and ‘non-formal’ programmes

Simkins (1976) analysed non-formal education programme in terms of purposes, timing, content delivery systems and control, and contrasted these with formal educational programmes. The resulting ideal-types provide a useful framework – and bring out the extent to which non-formal education initiatives, while emphasizing flexibility, localness and responsiveness remain located within a curricula form of education (in contrast with those forms driven by conversation).

Ideal-type models of normal and non-formal education

	formal	non-formal
purposes	Long-term & generalCredential-based	Short-term & specificNon-credential-based
timing	long cycle / preparatory / full-time	short cycle / recurrent / part-time
content	standardized / input centredacademic entry requirements determine clientele	individualized / output centredpractical clientele determine entry requirements
delivery system	institution-based, isolated from environment.rigidly structured, teacher-centred and resource intensive	environment-based, community related.flexible, learner-centred and resource saving
control	external / hierarchical	self-governing / democratic